Relationship of self-medication and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs): a scoping review

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global health issue, causing significant death, particularly in low-income countries. Self-medication with antimicrobials (SMA) is a significant contributor to AMR, with multidimensional poverty contributing to limited healthcare access, weak regulations, low health literacy, and self-medication without proper prescriptions. Despite varying prevalences, SMA remains high in LMICs. Cultural factors, socioeconomic factors, and healthcare-related factors also impact SMA. To mitigate AMR, government, healthcare providers, and international organizations must collaborate on educational programs, stricter regulatory policies, and improved healthcare accessibility. This will help mitigate the impact of SMA and prevent AMR.